Validity of a questionnaire to assess fruit and vegetable intake in adults

Objective: To validate a method for assessing fruit and vegetable intake among adults in a population of low intake. The method assesses mean intake and ranks individuals by their usual intake. Design: A precoded fruit and vegetable Questionnaire included a 24-h recall and a food frequency. The participants filled in the Questionnaire, a week later they started a 7-day food record, 1-day weighed record and 6 days using household measures. Subjects: Following advertisements 40 participants were recruited, 36 returned food records(mean age = 37 years). Results: No difference was observed between the average intake yielded by the 24-h recall and that from the 1-day weighed food record of fruits or vegetables. Correlation coefficients between results from the food frequency questionnaire and the 7-day food records were 0.45 (P=007) for vegetables, 0.63 (P<0.001) for fruits and 0.73 (P<0.001) for fruits and vegetables combined. Cross-classification into quartiles showed that the proportion of participants in the same or the adjacent quartile of the intake distribution were 94% for fruit intake and 80% for vegetable intake. Registered intake of fruits and vegetables was higher the first 4 days of the record than the last 3 days (P=0.002). The 4-day food record correlated with the food frequency questionnaire in similar manner as the 7-day record. Conclusion: The present study indicates that the precoded 24-h recall may be valuable tool for measuring average intake of fruits and vegetables among adults in a population of low intake. Moreover, the food frequency questionnaire was valid for ranking individuals according to their usual intake. A 4-day food record might be sufficient when validating food frequency questionnaires for fruits and vegetables.