The abundance of (not just) dark matter haloes

We study the effect of baryons on the abundance of structures and substructures in a Λ cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology, using a pair of high-resolution cosmological simulations from the Galaxies-Intergalactic Medium Interaction Calculation project. Both simulations use identical initial conditions, but while one contains only dark matter, the other also includes baryons.We find that gas pressure, reionization, supernova feedback, stripping and truncated accretion systematically reduce the total mass and the abundance of structures below ~10¹²M _⊙ compared to the pure dark matter simulation. Taking this into account and adopting an appropriate detection threshold lower the abundance of observed galaxies with maximum circular velocities v_max < 100 km s^-1, significantly reducing the reported discrepancy between Λ CDM and the measured H I velocity function of the Arecibo Legacy Fast ALFA survey. We also show that the stellar-to-total mass ratios of galaxies with stellar masses of ~10⁵-10⁷M _⊙ inferred from abundance matching of the (sub)halo mass function to the observed galaxy mass function increase by a factor of ~2. In addition, we find that an important fraction of low-mass subhaloes are completely devoid of stars. Accounting for the presence of dark subhaloes below 10¹⁰M _⊙ further reduces the abundance of observable objects and leads to an additional increase in the inferred stellar-to-total mass ratio by factors of 2-10 for galaxies in haloes of 10⁹10¹⁰M._⊙ This largely reconciles the abundance matching results with the kinematics of individual dwarf galaxies in Λ CDM.We propose approximate corrections to themasses of objects derived from pure dark matter calculations to account for baryonic effects.