Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland

Sæmundur A. Halldórsson; Edward W. Marshall; Alberto Caracciolo; Simon Matthews; Enikő Bali; Maja B. Rasmussen; Eemu Ranta; Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin; Guðmundur H. Guðfinnsson; Olgeir Sigmarsson; John Maclennan; Matthew G. Jackson; Martin J. Whitehouse; Heejin Jeon; Quinten H.A. van der Meer; Geoffrey K. Mibei; Maarit H. Kalliokoski; Maria M. Repczynska; Rebekka Hlín Rúnarsdóttir; Gylfi Sigurðsson; Melissa Anne Pfeffer; Samuel W. Scott; Ríkey Kjartansdóttir; Barbara I. Kleine; Clive Oppenheimer; Alessandro Aiuppa; Evgenia Ilyinskaya; Marcello Bitetto; Gaetano Giudice; Andri Stefánsson

doi:10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x

Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland

Sæmundur A. Halldórsson^*, Edward W. Marshall, Alberto Caracciolo, Simon Matthews, Enikő Bali, Maja B. Rasmussen, Eemu Ranta, Jóhann Gunnarsson Robin, Guðmundur H. Guðfinnsson, Olgeir Sigmarsson, John Maclennan, Matthew G. Jackson, Martin J. Whitehouse, Heejin Jeon, Quinten H.A. van der Meer, Geoffrey K. Mibei, Maarit H. Kalliokoski, Maria M. Repczynska, Rebekka Hlín Rúnarsdóttir, Gylfi SigurðssonMelissa Anne Pfeffer, Samuel W. Scott, Ríkey Kjartansdóttir, Barbara I. Kleine, Clive Oppenheimer, Alessandro Aiuppa, Evgenia Ilyinskaya, Marcello Bitetto, Gaetano Giudice, Andri Stefánsson

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

1 Citation (Scopus)

Abstract

Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport^1–4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism^1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas^4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust^6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this zone from integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Geochemical analyses of basalts erupted during the first 50 days of the eruption, combined with associated gas emissions, reveal direct sourcing from a near-Moho magma storage zone. Geochemical proxies, which signify different mantle compositions and melting conditions, changed at a rate unparalleled for individual basaltic eruptions globally. Initially, the erupted lava was dominated by melts sourced from the shallowest mantle but over the following three weeks became increasingly dominated by magmas generated at a greater depth. This exceptionally rapid trend in erupted compositions provides an unprecedented temporal record of magma mixing that filters the mantle signal, consistent with processing in near-Moho melt lenses containing 10⁷–10⁸ m³ of basaltic magma. Exposing previously inaccessible parts of this key magma processing zone to near-real-time investigations provides new insights into the timescales and operational mode of basaltic magma systems.

Original language	English
Pages (from-to)	529-534
Number of pages	6
Journal	Nature
Volume	609
Issue number	7927
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x
Publication status	Published - 14 Sept 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
We are grateful for the analytical help of C. Bosq and D. Auclair during the Sr and Nd isotope measurements. We thank G. Pedersen for providing shape-files of the lavas and M. T. Guðmundsson, H. Geirsson, F. Sigmundsson, B. Brandsdóttir, P. Einarsson, K. Grönvold, N. Óskarsson and K. Sæmundsson for helpful discussions and support. We thank S. Johnson, H. Rúnarsdóttir and Á. Ásmundsdóttir for assistance with sample preparation. The NordSIMS ion microprobe facility acknowledges support by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2017-00671), the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the University of Iceland; this is NordSIMS publication no. 713. The involvement of S.A.H. was partly in relation to H2020 project EUROVOLC, funded by the European Commission (grant no. 731070). This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 228933-051. We gratefully acknowledge constructive comments provided by A. Kent and K. Rubin that helped to improve this work. A.A. ackowledges funding from Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur), grant PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW.

Funding Information:
We are grateful for the analytical help of C. Bosq and D. Auclair during the Sr and Nd isotope measurements. We thank G. Pedersen for providing shape-files of the lavas and M. T. Guðmundsson, H. Geirsson, F. Sigmundsson, B. Brandsdóttir, P. Einarsson, K. Grönvold, N. Óskarsson and K. Sæmundsson for helpful discussions and support. We thank S. Johnson, H. Rúnarsdóttir and Á. Ásmundsdóttir for assistance with sample preparation. The NordSIMS ion microprobe facility acknowledges support by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2017-00671), the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the University of Iceland; this is NordSIMS publication no. 713. The involvement of S.A.H. was partly in relation to H2020 project EUROVOLC, funded by the European Commission (grant no. 731070). This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 228933-051. We gratefully acknowledge constructive comments provided by A. Kent and K. Rubin that helped to improve this work. A.A. ackowledges funding from Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur), grant PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW.

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© 2022, The Author(s).

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10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x

Cite this

Halldórsson, S. A., Marshall, E. W., Caracciolo, A., Matthews, S., Bali, E., Rasmussen, M. B., Ranta, E., Robin, J. G., Guðfinnsson, G. H., Sigmarsson, O., Maclennan, J., Jackson, M. G., Whitehouse, M. J., Jeon, H., van der Meer, Q. H. A., Mibei, G. K., Kalliokoski, M. H., Repczynska, M. M., Rúnarsdóttir, R. H., ... Stefánsson, A. (2022). Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland. Nature, 609(7927), 529-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x

@article{2d5f0b70f7d5453ca7b9f19e417ea1c5,

title = "Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland",

abstract = "Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport1–4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this zone from integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Geochemical analyses of basalts erupted during the first 50 days of the eruption, combined with associated gas emissions, reveal direct sourcing from a near-Moho magma storage zone. Geochemical proxies, which signify different mantle compositions and melting conditions, changed at a rate unparalleled for individual basaltic eruptions globally. Initially, the erupted lava was dominated by melts sourced from the shallowest mantle but over the following three weeks became increasingly dominated by magmas generated at a greater depth. This exceptionally rapid trend in erupted compositions provides an unprecedented temporal record of magma mixing that filters the mantle signal, consistent with processing in near-Moho melt lenses containing 107–108 m3 of basaltic magma. Exposing previously inaccessible parts of this key magma processing zone to near-real-time investigations provides new insights into the timescales and operational mode of basaltic magma systems.",

author = "Halld{\'o}rsson, {S{\ae}mundur A.} and Marshall, {Edward W.} and Alberto Caracciolo and Simon Matthews and Enik{\H o} Bali and Rasmussen, {Maja B.} and Eemu Ranta and Robin, {J{\'o}hann Gunnarsson} and Gu{\dh}finnsson, {Gu{\dh}mundur H.} and Olgeir Sigmarsson and John Maclennan and Jackson, {Matthew G.} and Whitehouse, {Martin J.} and Heejin Jeon and {van der Meer}, {Quinten H.A.} and Mibei, {Geoffrey K.} and Kalliokoski, {Maarit H.} and Repczynska, {Maria M.} and R{\'u}narsd{\'o}ttir, {Rebekka Hl{\'i}n} and Gylfi Sigur{\dh}sson and Pfeffer, {Melissa Anne} and Scott, {Samuel W.} and R{\'i}key Kjartansd{\'o}ttir and Kleine, {Barbara I.} and Clive Oppenheimer and Alessandro Aiuppa and Evgenia Ilyinskaya and Marcello Bitetto and Gaetano Giudice and Andri Stef{\'a}nsson",

note = "Funding Information: We are grateful for the analytical help of C. Bosq and D. Auclair during the Sr and Nd isotope measurements. We thank G. Pedersen for providing shape-files of the lavas and M. T. Gu{\dh}mundsson, H. Geirsson, F. Sigmundsson, B. Brandsd{\'o}ttir, P. Einarsson, K. Gr{\"o}nvold, N. {\'O}skarsson and K. S{\ae}mundsson for helpful discussions and support. We thank S. Johnson, H. R{\'u}narsd{\'o}ttir and {\'A}. {\'A}smundsd{\'o}ttir for assistance with sample preparation. The NordSIMS ion microprobe facility acknowledges support by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2017-00671), the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the University of Iceland; this is NordSIMS publication no. 713. The involvement of S.A.H. was partly in relation to H2020 project EUROVOLC, funded by the European Commission (grant no. 731070). This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 228933-051. We gratefully acknowledge constructive comments provided by A. Kent and K. Rubin that helped to improve this work. A.A. ackowledges funding from Italian Ministero Istruzione Universit{\`a} e Ricerca (Miur), grant PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW. Funding Information: We are grateful for the analytical help of C. Bosq and D. Auclair during the Sr and Nd isotope measurements. We thank G. Pedersen for providing shape-files of the lavas and M. T. Gu{\dh}mundsson, H. Geirsson, F. Sigmundsson, B. Brandsd{\'o}ttir, P. Einarsson, K. Gr{\"o}nvold, N. {\'O}skarsson and K. S{\ae}mundsson for helpful discussions and support. We thank S. Johnson, H. R{\'u}narsd{\'o}ttir and {\'A}. {\'A}smundsd{\'o}ttir for assistance with sample preparation. The NordSIMS ion microprobe facility acknowledges support by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2017-00671), the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the University of Iceland; this is NordSIMS publication no. 713. The involvement of S.A.H. was partly in relation to H2020 project EUROVOLC, funded by the European Commission (grant no. 731070). This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 228933-051. We gratefully acknowledge constructive comments provided by A. Kent and K. Rubin that helped to improve this work. A.A. ackowledges funding from Italian Ministero Istruzione Universit{\`a} e Ricerca (Miur), grant PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, The Author(s).",

year = "2022",

month = sep,

day = "14",

doi = "10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x",

language = "English",

volume = "609",

pages = "529--534",

journal = "Nature",

issn = "0028-0836",

publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",

number = "7927",

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Halldórsson, SA , Marshall, EW , Caracciolo, A, Matthews, S, Bali, E, Rasmussen, MB, Ranta, E, Robin, JG, Guðfinnsson, GH , Sigmarsson, O, Maclennan, J, Jackson, MG, Whitehouse, MJ, Jeon, H, van der Meer, QHA, Mibei, GK, Kalliokoski, MH, Repczynska, MM, Rúnarsdóttir, RH, Sigurðsson, G, Pfeffer, MA, Scott, SW, Kjartansdóttir, R, Kleine, BI, Oppenheimer, C, Aiuppa, A, Ilyinskaya, E, Bitetto, M, Giudice, G & Stefánsson, A 2022, 'Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland', Nature, vol. 609, no. 7927, pp. 529-534. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x

TY - JOUR

T1 - Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland

AU - Halldórsson, Sæmundur A.

AU - Marshall, Edward W.

AU - Caracciolo, Alberto

AU - Matthews, Simon

AU - Bali, Enikő

AU - Rasmussen, Maja B.

AU - Ranta, Eemu

AU - Robin, Jóhann Gunnarsson

AU - Guðfinnsson, Guðmundur H.

AU - Sigmarsson, Olgeir

AU - Maclennan, John

AU - Jackson, Matthew G.

AU - Whitehouse, Martin J.

AU - Jeon, Heejin

AU - van der Meer, Quinten H.A.

AU - Mibei, Geoffrey K.

AU - Kalliokoski, Maarit H.

AU - Repczynska, Maria M.

AU - Rúnarsdóttir, Rebekka Hlín

AU - Sigurðsson, Gylfi

AU - Pfeffer, Melissa Anne

AU - Scott, Samuel W.

AU - Kjartansdóttir, Ríkey

AU - Kleine, Barbara I.

AU - Oppenheimer, Clive

AU - Aiuppa, Alessandro

AU - Ilyinskaya, Evgenia

AU - Bitetto, Marcello

AU - Giudice, Gaetano

AU - Stefánsson, Andri

N1 - Funding Information: We are grateful for the analytical help of C. Bosq and D. Auclair during the Sr and Nd isotope measurements. We thank G. Pedersen for providing shape-files of the lavas and M. T. Guðmundsson, H. Geirsson, F. Sigmundsson, B. Brandsdóttir, P. Einarsson, K. Grönvold, N. Óskarsson and K. Sæmundsson for helpful discussions and support. We thank S. Johnson, H. Rúnarsdóttir and Á. Ásmundsdóttir for assistance with sample preparation. The NordSIMS ion microprobe facility acknowledges support by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2017-00671), the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the University of Iceland; this is NordSIMS publication no. 713. The involvement of S.A.H. was partly in relation to H2020 project EUROVOLC, funded by the European Commission (grant no. 731070). This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 228933-051. We gratefully acknowledge constructive comments provided by A. Kent and K. Rubin that helped to improve this work. A.A. ackowledges funding from Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur), grant PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW. Funding Information: We are grateful for the analytical help of C. Bosq and D. Auclair during the Sr and Nd isotope measurements. We thank G. Pedersen for providing shape-files of the lavas and M. T. Guðmundsson, H. Geirsson, F. Sigmundsson, B. Brandsdóttir, P. Einarsson, K. Grönvold, N. Óskarsson and K. Sæmundsson for helpful discussions and support. We thank S. Johnson, H. Rúnarsdóttir and Á. Ásmundsdóttir for assistance with sample preparation. The NordSIMS ion microprobe facility acknowledges support by the Swedish Research Council (grant no. 2017-00671), the Swedish Museum of Natural History and the University of Iceland; this is NordSIMS publication no. 713. The involvement of S.A.H. was partly in relation to H2020 project EUROVOLC, funded by the European Commission (grant no. 731070). This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund, grant no. 228933-051. We gratefully acknowledge constructive comments provided by A. Kent and K. Rubin that helped to improve this work. A.A. ackowledges funding from Italian Ministero Istruzione Università e Ricerca (Miur), grant PRIN2017-2017LMNLAW. Publisher Copyright: © 2022, The Author(s).

PY - 2022/9/14

Y1 - 2022/9/14

N2 - Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport1–4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this zone from integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Geochemical analyses of basalts erupted during the first 50 days of the eruption, combined with associated gas emissions, reveal direct sourcing from a near-Moho magma storage zone. Geochemical proxies, which signify different mantle compositions and melting conditions, changed at a rate unparalleled for individual basaltic eruptions globally. Initially, the erupted lava was dominated by melts sourced from the shallowest mantle but over the following three weeks became increasingly dominated by magmas generated at a greater depth. This exceptionally rapid trend in erupted compositions provides an unprecedented temporal record of magma mixing that filters the mantle signal, consistent with processing in near-Moho melt lenses containing 107–108 m3 of basaltic magma. Exposing previously inaccessible parts of this key magma processing zone to near-real-time investigations provides new insights into the timescales and operational mode of basaltic magma systems.

AB - Recent Icelandic rifting events have illuminated the roles of centralized crustal magma reservoirs and lateral magma transport1–4, important characteristics of mid-ocean ridge magmatism1,5. A consequence of such shallow crustal processing of magmas4,5 is the overprinting of signatures that trace the origin, evolution and transport of melts in the uppermost mantle and lowermost crust6,7. Here we present unique insights into processes occurring in this zone from integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the 2021 Fagradalsfjall eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Geochemical analyses of basalts erupted during the first 50 days of the eruption, combined with associated gas emissions, reveal direct sourcing from a near-Moho magma storage zone. Geochemical proxies, which signify different mantle compositions and melting conditions, changed at a rate unparalleled for individual basaltic eruptions globally. Initially, the erupted lava was dominated by melts sourced from the shallowest mantle but over the following three weeks became increasingly dominated by magmas generated at a greater depth. This exceptionally rapid trend in erupted compositions provides an unprecedented temporal record of magma mixing that filters the mantle signal, consistent with processing in near-Moho melt lenses containing 107–108 m3 of basaltic magma. Exposing previously inaccessible parts of this key magma processing zone to near-real-time investigations provides new insights into the timescales and operational mode of basaltic magma systems.

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U2 - 10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x

DO - 10.1038/s41586-022-04981-x

M3 - Article

C2 - 36104557

AN - SCOPUS:85137887596

SN - 0028-0836

VL - 609

SP - 529

EP - 534

JO - Nature

JF - Nature

IS - 7927

ER -

Rapid shifting of a deep magmatic source at Fagradalsfjall volcano, Iceland

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