Alteration of basaltic glass within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, Iceland – Implication to oceanic crust seawater interaction

Simon Prause; Tobias B. Weisenberger; Barbara I. Kleine; Patrick Monien; Concetta Rispoli; Andri Stefánsson

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107581

Alteration of basaltic glass within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, Iceland – Implication to oceanic crust seawater interaction

Simon Prause^*, Tobias B. Weisenberger, Barbara I. Kleine, Patrick Monien, Concetta Rispoli, Andri Stefánsson

^*Corresponding author for this work

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of basaltic glass on the seafloor has important implications on the chemical evolution of the oceanic crust and seawater composition. However, mass fluxes resulting from seawater-glass interaction in this type of environment remain poorly understood. This study presents new results on element mobilities for the palagonitization of basaltic glass and bulk rock hydrothermal alteration at Surtsey volcano, Iceland over a time period of ~50-years. Assessments of element mobilities were based on 1) immobile trace element isocon mass balance for palagonitization, 2) the assumption of large scale TiO₂ immobility during bulk rock alteration and 3) chemical analyses of pore fluids and authigenic minerals. Element mobilities of glass alteration vary between initial palagonitization and subsequent palagonite maturation: Initially, palagonitization of sideromelane leaches SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, CaO, Na₂O, K₂O from the glass. Following this, the maturation of the palagonitized glass causes re-uptake of all of the abovementioned elements except for CaO, which shows either no change or slight uptake, and Na₂O, which continues to be lost from the palagonitized glass. Among major elements TiO₂ and FeO can be considered immobile during palagonitization, but not during the subsequent aging process of palagonitized glass. Among trace elements Hf, Ta, Zr, Nb, Y and REE were found to be immobile at all stages of the alteration. On the bulk rock scale, comprising both glass alteration and the formation of authigenic phases, early-stage alteration at Surtsey releases SiO₂, Al, Mg and Ca to the fluid, whereas late-stage alteration poses a sink of SiO₂, Al, Mg, Ca and Na. Net element budgets during early- and late-stage alteration indicate that chemical exchange between basaltic tuffs and seawater derived fluids at Surtsey acts as a long-term source of dissolved Ca, Al and SiO₂ for seawater as well as a long-term sink for seawater Mg and Na.

Original language	English
Article number	107581
Journal	Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
Volume	429
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107581
Publication status	Published - 1 Sept 2022

Bibliographical note

Funding Information:
Funding for this project was provided by the University of Iceland Recruitment fund , the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) through a grant to the SUSTAIN project , the Icelandic Science Fund , ICF-RANNÍS , the Bergen Research Foundation and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research at University of Bergen , Norway, the German Research Foundation (DFG) , and DiSTAR , Federico II, University of Naples , Federico II, Italy. The University of Utah, USA and the two Icelandic power companies Reykjavík Energy and Landsvirkjun, contributed additional funds. Francisco Javier López-Moro provided valuable feedback on the EASYGRESGRANT software. Andreas Klügel and Stefan Sopke are thanked for electron microprobe analyses conducted at the University of Bremen. We thank José Luis Macías for his editorial handling of our manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for providing valuable constructive feedback and improvement suggestions on the research presented in this study.

Funding Information:
Funding for this project was provided by the University of Iceland Recruitment fund, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) through a grant to the SUSTAIN project, the Icelandic Science Fund, ICF-RANNÍS, the Bergen Research Foundation and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research at University of Bergen, Norway, the German Research Foundation (DFG), and DiSTAR, Federico II, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy. The University of Utah, USA and the two Icelandic power companies Reykjavík Energy and Landsvirkjun, contributed additional funds. Francisco Javier López-Moro provided valuable feedback on the EASYGRESGRANT software. Andreas Klügel and Stefan Sopke are thanked for electron microprobe analyses conducted at the University of Bremen. We thank José Luis Macías for his editorial handling of our manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for providing valuable constructive feedback and improvement suggestions on the research presented in this study.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Elsevier B.V.

Other keywords

Hydrothermal alteration
ICDP
Mass balance
Palagonitization
Surtsey volcano
SUSTAIN

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10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107581

Cite this

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title = "Alteration of basaltic glass within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, Iceland – Implication to oceanic crust seawater interaction",

abstract = "Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of basaltic glass on the seafloor has important implications on the chemical evolution of the oceanic crust and seawater composition. However, mass fluxes resulting from seawater-glass interaction in this type of environment remain poorly understood. This study presents new results on element mobilities for the palagonitization of basaltic glass and bulk rock hydrothermal alteration at Surtsey volcano, Iceland over a time period of ~50-years. Assessments of element mobilities were based on 1) immobile trace element isocon mass balance for palagonitization, 2) the assumption of large scale TiO2 immobility during bulk rock alteration and 3) chemical analyses of pore fluids and authigenic minerals. Element mobilities of glass alteration vary between initial palagonitization and subsequent palagonite maturation: Initially, palagonitization of sideromelane leaches SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O from the glass. Following this, the maturation of the palagonitized glass causes re-uptake of all of the abovementioned elements except for CaO, which shows either no change or slight uptake, and Na2O, which continues to be lost from the palagonitized glass. Among major elements TiO2 and FeO can be considered immobile during palagonitization, but not during the subsequent aging process of palagonitized glass. Among trace elements Hf, Ta, Zr, Nb, Y and REE were found to be immobile at all stages of the alteration. On the bulk rock scale, comprising both glass alteration and the formation of authigenic phases, early-stage alteration at Surtsey releases SiO2, Al, Mg and Ca to the fluid, whereas late-stage alteration poses a sink of SiO2, Al, Mg, Ca and Na. Net element budgets during early- and late-stage alteration indicate that chemical exchange between basaltic tuffs and seawater derived fluids at Surtsey acts as a long-term source of dissolved Ca, Al and SiO2 for seawater as well as a long-term sink for seawater Mg and Na.",

keywords = "Hydrothermal alteration, ICDP, Mass balance, Palagonitization, Surtsey volcano, SUSTAIN",

author = "Simon Prause and Weisenberger, {Tobias B.} and Kleine, {Barbara I.} and Patrick Monien and Concetta Rispoli and Andri Stef{\'a}nsson",

note = "Funding Information: Funding for this project was provided by the University of Iceland Recruitment fund , the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) through a grant to the SUSTAIN project , the Icelandic Science Fund , ICF-RANN{\'I}S , the Bergen Research Foundation and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research at University of Bergen , Norway, the German Research Foundation (DFG) , and DiSTAR , Federico II, University of Naples , Federico II, Italy. The University of Utah, USA and the two Icelandic power companies Reykjav{\'i}k Energy and Landsvirkjun, contributed additional funds. Francisco Javier L{\'o}pez-Moro provided valuable feedback on the EASYGRESGRANT software. Andreas Kl{\"u}gel and Stefan Sopke are thanked for electron microprobe analyses conducted at the University of Bremen. We thank Jos{\'e} Luis Mac{\'i}as for his editorial handling of our manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for providing valuable constructive feedback and improvement suggestions on the research presented in this study. Funding Information: Funding for this project was provided by the University of Iceland Recruitment fund, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) through a grant to the SUSTAIN project, the Icelandic Science Fund, ICF-RANN{\'I}S, the Bergen Research Foundation and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research at University of Bergen, Norway, the German Research Foundation (DFG), and DiSTAR, Federico II, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy. The University of Utah, USA and the two Icelandic power companies Reykjav{\'i}k Energy and Landsvirkjun, contributed additional funds. Francisco Javier L{\'o}pez-Moro provided valuable feedback on the EASYGRESGRANT software. Andreas Kl{\"u}gel and Stefan Sopke are thanked for electron microprobe analyses conducted at the University of Bremen. We thank Jos{\'e} Luis Mac{\'i}as for his editorial handling of our manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for providing valuable constructive feedback and improvement suggestions on the research presented in this study. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 Elsevier B.V.",

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doi = "10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107581",

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T1 - Alteration of basaltic glass within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, Iceland – Implication to oceanic crust seawater interaction

AU - Prause, Simon

AU - Weisenberger, Tobias B.

AU - Kleine, Barbara I.

AU - Monien, Patrick

AU - Rispoli, Concetta

AU - Stefánsson, Andri

N1 - Funding Information: Funding for this project was provided by the University of Iceland Recruitment fund , the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) through a grant to the SUSTAIN project , the Icelandic Science Fund , ICF-RANNÍS , the Bergen Research Foundation and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research at University of Bergen , Norway, the German Research Foundation (DFG) , and DiSTAR , Federico II, University of Naples , Federico II, Italy. The University of Utah, USA and the two Icelandic power companies Reykjavík Energy and Landsvirkjun, contributed additional funds. Francisco Javier López-Moro provided valuable feedback on the EASYGRESGRANT software. Andreas Klügel and Stefan Sopke are thanked for electron microprobe analyses conducted at the University of Bremen. We thank José Luis Macías for his editorial handling of our manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for providing valuable constructive feedback and improvement suggestions on the research presented in this study. Funding Information: Funding for this project was provided by the University of Iceland Recruitment fund, the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP) through a grant to the SUSTAIN project, the Icelandic Science Fund, ICF-RANNÍS, the Bergen Research Foundation and K.G. Jebsen Centre for Deep Sea Research at University of Bergen, Norway, the German Research Foundation (DFG), and DiSTAR, Federico II, University of Naples, Federico II, Italy. The University of Utah, USA and the two Icelandic power companies Reykjavík Energy and Landsvirkjun, contributed additional funds. Francisco Javier López-Moro provided valuable feedback on the EASYGRESGRANT software. Andreas Klügel and Stefan Sopke are thanked for electron microprobe analyses conducted at the University of Bremen. We thank José Luis Macías for his editorial handling of our manuscript. Two anonymous reviewers are thanked for providing valuable constructive feedback and improvement suggestions on the research presented in this study. Publisher Copyright: © 2022 Elsevier B.V.

PY - 2022/9/1

Y1 - 2022/9/1

N2 - Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of basaltic glass on the seafloor has important implications on the chemical evolution of the oceanic crust and seawater composition. However, mass fluxes resulting from seawater-glass interaction in this type of environment remain poorly understood. This study presents new results on element mobilities for the palagonitization of basaltic glass and bulk rock hydrothermal alteration at Surtsey volcano, Iceland over a time period of ~50-years. Assessments of element mobilities were based on 1) immobile trace element isocon mass balance for palagonitization, 2) the assumption of large scale TiO2 immobility during bulk rock alteration and 3) chemical analyses of pore fluids and authigenic minerals. Element mobilities of glass alteration vary between initial palagonitization and subsequent palagonite maturation: Initially, palagonitization of sideromelane leaches SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O from the glass. Following this, the maturation of the palagonitized glass causes re-uptake of all of the abovementioned elements except for CaO, which shows either no change or slight uptake, and Na2O, which continues to be lost from the palagonitized glass. Among major elements TiO2 and FeO can be considered immobile during palagonitization, but not during the subsequent aging process of palagonitized glass. Among trace elements Hf, Ta, Zr, Nb, Y and REE were found to be immobile at all stages of the alteration. On the bulk rock scale, comprising both glass alteration and the formation of authigenic phases, early-stage alteration at Surtsey releases SiO2, Al, Mg and Ca to the fluid, whereas late-stage alteration poses a sink of SiO2, Al, Mg, Ca and Na. Net element budgets during early- and late-stage alteration indicate that chemical exchange between basaltic tuffs and seawater derived fluids at Surtsey acts as a long-term source of dissolved Ca, Al and SiO2 for seawater as well as a long-term sink for seawater Mg and Na.

AB - Low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of basaltic glass on the seafloor has important implications on the chemical evolution of the oceanic crust and seawater composition. However, mass fluxes resulting from seawater-glass interaction in this type of environment remain poorly understood. This study presents new results on element mobilities for the palagonitization of basaltic glass and bulk rock hydrothermal alteration at Surtsey volcano, Iceland over a time period of ~50-years. Assessments of element mobilities were based on 1) immobile trace element isocon mass balance for palagonitization, 2) the assumption of large scale TiO2 immobility during bulk rock alteration and 3) chemical analyses of pore fluids and authigenic minerals. Element mobilities of glass alteration vary between initial palagonitization and subsequent palagonite maturation: Initially, palagonitization of sideromelane leaches SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, Na2O, K2O from the glass. Following this, the maturation of the palagonitized glass causes re-uptake of all of the abovementioned elements except for CaO, which shows either no change or slight uptake, and Na2O, which continues to be lost from the palagonitized glass. Among major elements TiO2 and FeO can be considered immobile during palagonitization, but not during the subsequent aging process of palagonitized glass. Among trace elements Hf, Ta, Zr, Nb, Y and REE were found to be immobile at all stages of the alteration. On the bulk rock scale, comprising both glass alteration and the formation of authigenic phases, early-stage alteration at Surtsey releases SiO2, Al, Mg and Ca to the fluid, whereas late-stage alteration poses a sink of SiO2, Al, Mg, Ca and Na. Net element budgets during early- and late-stage alteration indicate that chemical exchange between basaltic tuffs and seawater derived fluids at Surtsey acts as a long-term source of dissolved Ca, Al and SiO2 for seawater as well as a long-term sink for seawater Mg and Na.

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KW - ICDP

KW - Mass balance

KW - Palagonitization

KW - Surtsey volcano

KW - SUSTAIN

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JO - Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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ER -

Alteration of basaltic glass within the Surtsey hydrothermal system, Iceland – Implication to oceanic crust seawater interaction

Abstract

Bibliographical note

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